Technische wetenschappen
Image Archive Architectural Interventions
IAAI(registration)
Request for subsidy N.W.O./S.T.W middle-large
investment
2002-10-10
Submitted
by Prof.dr.ir. T.M. de Jong, professor Town and region designing, environmental
planning and ecology, Faculty of Architecture DUT, Berlageweg 1, 2628 CR Delft,
or postbus 5043, 2600 GA Delft. Tel.
0152785965 or 0793516599. Fax 0152783694. Email T.M.deJong@bk.tudelft.nl. Internet http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM.
Project leader
Prof.dr.ir. I.S. Sariyildiz.
Related
additional requests allocated by Habiforum by Frieling, new request for
utilization to ICES by Rots. Keywords: image database, design study, study by design,
DSSystems, decision making.
CONTENTS
1.3 Formulation
of the problem
2 Plan of work and utilization
2.4 Output
by Geographic Information Systems including Design (GIS-D)
Final image of
IAAI(registration)
Contacts for
further development
Enclosure current programme of demands
Retrievability of
context and perspective
Automatic
translation of keywords
Deleting
unsuccessful keywords
Enclosure largely realized programme (in
Dutch iba 1999)
1
Introduction
1.1 Summary
The Image Archive of Architectural Interventions IAAI(registration)[a] now
contains approximately 1500 images from approximately 500 recent graduate projects from
the Faculty of Architecture Delft University of Technology (DUT). The Faculty
strives to document all graduation projects from now on this way. The archive
is accessible via the internet[b]. The images are documented per
image in such a way that researchers, teachers, students and DSSystems outside
the Faculty can select and download series of images relevant to a specified
research or design theme and to urban decision making. Urban and architectural
designs are pre-eminently context
sensitive. The input programme asks for selection
criteria concerning context characteristics per level of scale. Each image is
supposed to be made with an implicit view on the administrative, cultural,
economical, technical, ecological and/or mass-space-time circumstances the
design will function in. The input programme asks to make this perspective explicit. It asks which kinds of impacts within
that perspecive are readable from
the image. So images can be found again by such context criteria.
A final
image of the IAAI is a 3D map of the
Netherlands per perspective, designed by the designers who will shape the
Netherlands. You can fly through each scenario virtually (‘flight
simulator') and examine each design at first glance in
its mass-space-time context. This is important to find examples comparable by context. To this purpose the Meetkundige Dienst RWS (Feinaud) would like to put an adapted version of the 3D Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (AHN) to our disposal. Geodan (Scholten, VU) already gave a 2D inzoomable map to find the images
by location. Two other faculties of DUT made progress in this field by
situating works of Vermeer in their 3D historical context of Delft[c].
Design
research, and study by design, need a critical mass of images to find some of
them, professionally comparable by context, perspective, impact and other
characteristics more difficult to name[d]. The system will probably function
for this purpose when a critical mass of 100 000 well documented images is
reached. To reach this critical mass, the programme for input is made as user
friendly as possible for the approximately 3000 students, teachers and
researchers of the faculty. They have a personal interest in a worldwide
accessible portfolio of their own work. They constitute a motivated and
educated capacity for the labour-intensive input. The developed input programme
is however too extended for many projects with their own standard input. A more
tapered input for each project, in the future to be adapted by the suppliers
themselves, has to be developed to stimulate decentralized input.
The system
is shaped in such a way, that after reaching a critical mass for research,
different external Decision (or Design) Support Systems (DSS) could make use of
the registration. A prototype of such a DSS is made by Frieling IAAI(E.M.R.) (Frieling, Gordijn et al. 2001) by order of Habiforum, presupposing an
IAAI(registration) as proposed here.
This
request N.W.O./S.T.W. to subsidize the registration project asks for a
contribution of € 640 000 to
·
differentiate the input per
research project;
·
elaborate
a more linguistic storage and
semantic retrievability solving design profession specific naming problems;
·
develop
a 3D landscape of
design contexts.
The request
is submitted by Prof.dr.ir. T.M. de
Jong, professor Environmental Planning and Ecology, Faculty of Architecture
DUT, Berlageweg 1, 2628 CR Delft, or postbus 5043, 2600 GA Delft. Tel. 0152785965 or 0793516599. Fax 0152783694. Email
T.M.deJong@bk.tudelft.nl.
Internet www.bk.tudelft.nl/urbanism/TEAM.
1.2
Summary in Dutch
Het Image Archive of Architectural Interventions IAAI(registration)[e] bevat nu ongeveer 1500 beelden van ongeveer 500 recente afstudeerprojecten van de Faculteit Bouwkunde TUDelft. De Facuteit streeft naar documentatie op deze manier van alle afstudeerprojecten vanaf nu. Het archief is toegankelijk via het internet[f]. De beelden zijn zodanig per beeld gedocumenteerd dat onderzoekers, docenten, studenten en DSSystemen buiten de Faculteit series beelden kunnen kiezen en downloaden, relevant voor specifieke thema’s van onderzoek, ontwerp en publieke besluitvorming betreffende het bouwen. Stedebouwkundige en architectonische ontwerpen zijn bij uitstek contextgevoelig. Het invoerprogramma vraagt om context-kenmerken per schaalniveau die als selectiecriterium bij het zoeken gebruikt kunnen worden. Er wordt van uitgegaan dat elk beeld wordt gemaakt met een onuitgesproken visie op de bestuurlijke, culturele, economische, technische, ecologische en/of massa-ruimte-tijd omstandigheden waarin het ontwerp zal functioneren. Het invoerprogramma vraagt dit perspectief expliciet te maken. Het vraagt ook welke soorten consequenties binnen dat perspectief afleesbaar zijn van de tekening. Daardoor kunnen beelden worden teruggevonden volgens zulke context-criteria.
Een eindbeeld van het IAAI is een 3D-kaart van Nederland per perspectief of scenario, ontworpen door de ontwerpers die Nederland in de toekomst grotendeels ook werkelijk zullen vormgeven. Daarmee kan men door elk scenario virtueel heen vliegen ('flight simulator'), zodat elk ontwerp in één oogopslag kan worden bestudeerd in zijn context van massa, ruimte en tijd. Dit is van belang om voorbeelden te vinden die ook qua context vergelijkbaar zijn. Tot dit doel is ook de Meetkundige Dienst RWS (Feinaud) bereid een aangepaste versie van het 3D Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (AHN) ter beschikking te stellen. Geodan (Scholten, VU) heeft een 2D inzoombare kaart ter beschikking gesteld om de beelden naar locatie te kunnen terugzoeken. Twee andere faculteiten van de TUDelft hebben al vooruitgang geboekt door werken van Vermeer in hun historische 3D context van Delft te plaatsen[g].
Ontwerponderzoek en onderzoek door ontwerp vergen een kritische massa beelden om enkele beelden te kunnen vinden die ook vergelijkbaar zijn wat betreft context, perspectief, afleesbare consequenties en andere kenmerken die moeilijk te benoemen zijn[h]. Het systeem kan tot dit doel waarschijnlijk pas functioneren wanneer een kritische massa van 100 000 goed gedocumenteerde beelden wordt bereikt. Om deze kritische massa te bereiken is een invoerprogramma gemaakt dat zo gebruikersvriendelijk mogelijk kan worden gebruikt door de ongeveer 3000 studenten, docenten en onderzoekers van de faculteit. Zij hebben persoonlijk belang bij een portfolio van hun eigen werk dat wereldwijd toegankelijk is. Zij vormen daardoor een gemotiveerd en professioneel potentieel voor de arbeidsintensieve invoer. Het ontwikkelde invoerprogramma is echter te uitgebreid voor veel ontwerpprojecten die een eigen, gestandaardiseerde invoer hebben. Een meer toegespitste invoer voor elk project, in de toekomst aanpasbaar door de leveranciers van beelden zelf, moet ontwikkeld worden om een gedecentraliseerde invoer te stimuleren.
Het systeem is zo opgezet, dat nadat een kritieke massa voor onderzoek is bereikt, verscheidene externe Decision (of Design) Support Systemen (DSS) van deze registratie gebruik kunnen maken.
Een prototype van zo’n DSS, het 'IAAI(E.M.R.)’ is gemaakt door Frieling (Frieling, Gordijn et al. 2001) in opdracht van Habiforum. Het vooronderstelt een IAAI(registration) zoals hier wordt voorgesteld.
Dit verzoek aan N.W.O./S.T.W. om het IAAI-registratieproject te subsidiëren, omvat een bijdrage van € 640 000 voor:
· invoerdifferentiatie per onderzoeksproject;
· het uitwerken van een meer linguistische opslag en een semantische terugzoekbaarheid die voor de professie specifieke naamgevingsproblemen oplost;
· de ontwikkeling van een 3D-landschap waarin de ontwerpen in hun context kunnen worden teruggezocht.
1.3 Formulation of the problem
In a university of technology,
designs are made (design study), examined (design research) and evaluated Jong et al.(2002). Making a design, the preliminary
investigation and its conclusion, the programme of demands, only partly direct
the solution. The design does not follow unequivocally and reproductably from a
programme like a scientific prediction from its basic assumptions ceteris
paribus. Even with a strict programme, alternatives (eventually unexpectable) are
possible in design. This is most explicit in building
design. The choice of a final alternative is determined by the context of the
object to be designed. The market, the location and the designer (context of invention) belong to the broader present and future managerial, cultural,
economical, technical, ecological, and mass-space-time context and perspective of the object. ‘Context’ is
different on different levels of scale and cannot be foreseen completely in the
programme.
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CONTEXT PERSPECTIVE |
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Variable per
level of scale and period of
change. For example: tentative nationally: managerial/political: initiative < > laissez-faire 7 years cultural: traditional < > experimental 15
years economics: growth < > shrinkage 30 years technical: combination < > specialization 60
years ecological: heterogeneous < > homogeneous 120 years mass-space-time: concentration < > deconcentration 240 years |
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Context
and changing context (perspective) |
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_bestanden/image002.gif)
The number of imaginable
alternatives for buildings, mostly with a long term multifunctional programme
of (conflicting) demands, is unconceivably large, subject to a combinatoric
explosion of possible forms. Buildings and urban designs have a long period of use and they are
earthbound. So they have to function in a changing context (perspective) that
is unpredictable and not influenced by the programming authority, designer or
user. From the viewpoint of their durability they should be able to accommodate
varying programmes and daily changing aims of their inhabitants and users. This
quality of building design is called ‘robustness’. ‘Flexibility’ is only part of it. So, from all artefacts, buildings have the most
context sensitive function for use, perception and market, not to be evaluated
without that context and therefore hardly comparable to each other (sometimes even unique). It is difficult to find comparable examples for design research to
draw more general conclusions for design.
Design
research concerns determined objects
within determined contexts. Research by
design (below grey) varies either the object (design study) or the context (typology) or even both (study by design):
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OBJECT |
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determined |
variable |
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CONTEXT determined |
Design Research |
Design Study |
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Typology |
Study by design |
Even with a comparable programme of
demands, not only their own diversity of
solutions, but also the diversity of their contexts or perspectives to function
in, is very large. Consequently, the diversity of rational reasons (determined
by context) to choose a final alternative is even larger. So, building design
research often has the character of an n=1 study with limited general value to
other designs. Design research, based on more examples than one, is often
ignored by designers, because on location many design relevant circumstances
appear different from what the examined examples had in common. The descriptive
interpretation of context by researchers differs from the imaginative
interpretation of designers, that stresses possibilities rather than
probabilities. Moreover, the principal often asks for a unique design,
‘exploiting’ rare qualities of context. So design decisions seldom can be
founded on examples univocally and professionally by the lack of material for
comparison.
For building design research with more general
design relevant (context sensitive) conclusions, we need a database with a large number of designs
and composing images to find different examples in comparable contexts. This
places great demands on the possibilities of verbal and non verbal selection within such a database[i]. It has consequences on the effort of documentation per image. It has methodological
implications in naming and defining countless possible architectural
interventions and their effects in different contexts. For this purpose the
Faculty of Architecture of the Delft Technical University (DUT) spent several
years in developing an Image Archive of Architectural Interventions (IAAI),
able to store thousands of images made per year in that faculty, retrievable
amongst others by location, context, perspective and supposed effect within
that context. Its prototype functioning on the internet now contains approximately
1500 documented images from 500 recent graduate projects equiped with logical sentence functions[j] as syntactically composed
keywords. They are retrievable by alternate choice of images and keywords. The
database is prepared in the future to mount 3D designs in a 3D map of the
Netherlands allowing fly-through in a scenario chosen in advance, to see them
at first glance in their supposed mass-space-time context. Historical images then can be recorded in their
own former context and perspective.
Recording urban designs on a
national, regional, local and technical level of scale in this archive makes
these designs accessible for planning research on other universities and decision making institutions. Recording technical details of buildings makes them accessible to
other technical faculties like Civil Engineering and Industrial Design in DUT,
Architecture in TUE and various faculties abroad. As soon as these faculties
would like to give more attention to the context-sensibility of their own
design examples, other than building designs, easily can be recorded according
to their level of scale. It will give the database a more general design
orientation, stimulating cooperation in research between the technical
faculties and decision making institutions.
1.4 Utilization
For the
sake of research exchange between different technical faculties this year
(2001) each faculty of the DUT made a comparable ‘portfolio of research’.
Within the
portfolio of the Faculty of Architecture the further development of IAAI is of
crucial importance for the themes and programmes summarized below.
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Themes and
Programmes |
Programme
leaders |
existing databases |
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Architecture |
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Dutch
Urban Architecture |
Duin, Prof. ir. L. van[k] |
x |
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Restoration
of Cultural Heritage |
Voorden, Prof.dr.ir. F. van |
x |
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Architectural
Design of (Mass) Housing |
Risselada, Prof. ir. M. |
x |
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Design
Knowledge Systems and Digital Architecture |
Tzonis, Prof. A.[l] |
x |
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Concept and Materialisation |
Fretton, Prof. T. |
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Modernity
and Tradition |
Risselada, Prof. ir. M.[m] |
x |
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Urbanism |
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Techniques
of urban design |
Meyer, Prof.dr.ir. H.[n] |
x |
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Delta
design |
Frieling, Prof. ir. D.H. |
x |
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Urban
transformations |
Bekkering, Prof.ir. H. |
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Building Technology |
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Blob |
Eekhout, Prof.dr.ir. M.[o] |
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ZAPPI |
Eekhout, Prof.dr.ir. M. |
x |
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Retrofitting |
Rots, Prof.dr.ir. J. |
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Environments |
Voorden, ir. M. van der |
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Real Estate & Project
Management |
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Real
Estate Management |
Jonge, Prof.ir. H. de[p] |
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Housing
Studies |
Priemus, Prof.dr.ir. H.[q] |
x |
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Project
management |
Geraerdts, ir. R.P.[r] |
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Management
Fundamentals |
Jonge, Prof.ir. H. de |
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The planned
cross-connecting ‘Validated Integrated Projects’:
- Design theory ‘research by
design’;
- Design, ICT and multimedia;
- Transformations,
need a
context sensible database, transforming and connecting the already existing
databases in a digital format, gradually supplemented by non-digital sources (books, reports, exhibitions), the graduate
studies and the
new input of each research programme. By this database the research programmes
can find and use each others design examples, having more mass to find
comparable cases in
comparable contexts.
A database
like this has great advantages for design education, study, research and
applications in national, regional and local planning. These applications will
make further development self-supporting when a critical mass of easily
retrievable design examples is reached. To reach such a status however requires
an effort too big for a faculty or even a university alone. This is the reason
to ask a subsidy by N.W.O./S.T.W. and for external social applications by Habiforum (E.M.R.) and I.C.E.S. The
faculty has made a preliminary investment for the protope and has substantial
means for labour-intensive input. Approximately 3000 students, teachers and
scientists have a personal interest in a worldwide accessible portfolio of
their own work constituting a motivated professionally capacity for input. The currently developed input programme is a
user friendly application, but too extended for many projects with their own
standard input. A more tapered input for
each project to be adapted by the suppliers themselves has to be developed to
stimulate decentralized input.
The role of
design in future decision making processes is described by van Loon (Loon 1998; Gunsteren and Loon 2000; Loon
2000) and Frieling, initiator of the IAAI (Frieling 1995; Frieling 1996; Frieling, Mitchell et al. 1996;
Frieling 1997; Frieling 1998; Frieling, Reh et al. 1998; Frieling 1999). Frieling gives a summary of more than a decade of
experimental research by design on this subject and its theoretical foundation,
ending in the nationally applicated concept of Deltametropolis. This experience made clear that a database of
design images is indispensable to make better and more quickly public decisions
as a characteristic of a real metropolis. Recently Frieling started a large faculty
project to design different perspectives on
Deltametropolis, suited projects on a
smaller scale and a decision process to
bring them together in one perspective by a simulated public debate. About 80 graduating students of different
faculties will make different options for Deltametropolis as in the meantime
aimed in the 5th National
Plan of Spatial Policy (VROM 2001b). The results should be retrievable for future
decision making about spatial policy on national, regional and local levels of
scale.
1.5 Aims
The primary aim of IAAI(registration) is to make existing drawings,
images, connected context data and preliminary studies digitally accessible for
further research, design and decision making.
This aim is in the first phase restricted to the faculty, and in a
second phase extended to external applications like the development of the
Deltametropolis. Consequently, researchers and students from the Faculty of
Architecture are facilitated in, and stimulated to make retrievable, to
evaluate, and to publish designs in a comparable way, and to use them for
design research and research by design, the main focus of research in the
faculty.
IAAI(registration) for the time being is limited to images of which the
copyrights are reserved to the faculty or are otherwise free. By that means the
knowledge of the faculty can be remembered, utilized and cashed. Such a 'faculty memory' prevents repeating innovation and
stimulates technical and professional accumulation. Selecting from a
non-selective magnitude of images however, requires far-reaching conditions to
the documentation with the input of every image. The input is the bottleneck of any image archive. The most important derived
aim then, is an attractive, fast, professionally relevant and embracing system
for input per image, and likewise for output.
1.6 Research group
Many research groups will cooperate in this project.
Initiator prof.dr.ir. T.M. de Jong is motivated by the same scientific
problems existing in ecology as in design research and research by design. The
potential diversity and context sensibility of designs raises the same
methodological difficulties to generalize as within the combinatoric explosion
of species, ecological contexts and diversity within each species. There, image
databases become urgent to find any basis for generalization in examples of
different states of dispersion (form). The lowes levels of scale (molecular and
cellular) have the least problems. Diversity of life increases until
approximately 1km radius, and after that level it decreases again. So levels of
scale are indispensible in the retrievability of comparable cases from a
database.
De Jong has 20 years of experience in computing an programming in basic
languages[s], however not in making advanced
databases or GIS applications.
Project leader Prof.dr.ir. I.S. Sariyildiz started a € 1 mln project for
a digital learning environment of which IAAI is a part.
For GIS applications the project is discussed with prof. Scholten[t] (VU Amsterdam, Geodan), prof. Oosterom (and Verbree[u], Geodesy DUT) and the CAD atelier
of the Faculty of Architecture (van Loon[v], Krebbers[w]). On 3D modeling and script writing
this proposal is commented by Stouffs[x] (Faculty of Architecture, chair
prof. Sariyildiz[y]). On image databases the project is
discussed with Huijsmans[z] (LIACS, University of Leiden). For
advanced database functionality turning it linguistic, the project has to rely
on the faculty Informatietechnologie en
systemen DUT.
All of them are able to and interested in substantial contributions to
the software.
The most important contribution, however, is the input. The data should
be aquired from the research groups mentioned in paragraph 1.4.
2
Plan of work
In the
diagram below a global plan of work is given per quarter.
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2002-10-10 |
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2003 |
2004 |
2005 |
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quarter |
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Input differentiation |
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1 |
2D images
of existing building details, buildings etc. |
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1 |
Mediatheek of
slides (Bijleveld) |
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2 |
Archive of maps (vacancy) |
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3 |
Architectural archive (Saariste) |
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4 |
Historical archive (van Geest) |
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5 |
Classic examples (Risselada, Haaksma) |
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2 |
2D images
of designed future building details, buildings etc. |
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Graduate projects afterwards.) (DOS) |
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Graduate projects in advance (examencie.,
Curriculumvern) .). |
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3 |
Results of
the pilot project Architectural
Intervention (Klaasen) |
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First educational module (Weeber) |
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5 |
Individual input via
existing programme |
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3 |
3D images of designed future building
details, buildings etc. |
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Portfolioproject (Sariyildiz) |
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2 |
Cad atelier (Barendse) |
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Cadlab (Koutamanis, vLoon) |
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4 |
Deltam (Tisma) |
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5 |
Individual
input via existing programme |
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4 |
4D Moving
and calculated images |
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1 |
IAAI(DSS-E.M.R.) (Frieling) |
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Architecture lab (Oosterhuis) |
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Technical lab (Rots) |
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4 |
Sustainable
Deltametropolis (Berkhout, Hafkamp) |
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5 |
Automation
inputscripts |
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connecting arbitrary databases |
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2 |
protocol
for Design Support Systems |
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2 |
Database functionality |
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1 |
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Commonness list |
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Association list |
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Association
files |
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4 |
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Automatic translation English |
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5 |
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Automatic
translation French, German, Spanish |
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6 |
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Feed back to the author |
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7 |
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Deleting unsuccessful keywords |
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3 |
‘Linguistic’ database |
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Programme
of demands |
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Extending
field for free keywords |
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3 |
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Building a linguistic system |
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4 |
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Cleaning field bound keywords |
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4 |
Output GIS-D |
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1 |
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Buiding a GIS-D-facility |
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